Living things are made up of almost entirely non-metals like carbon or hydrogen. Many of these elements have biological roles. Non-Metals also include hydrogen which lies to the left of the metalloids. On the periodic table, non-metals lie to the right of the zigzag line that runs between the elements boron, silicon, arsenic, tellurium, and astatine. Non-Metals account for a small portion of elements on the periodic table. When these metals bond with other non-metals this is known as ionic bonding where a transfer of electrons occurs from one species to another. Metals that follow the transition metals can lose their s orbital and p orbital electrons and form charges that are the same as their group number or they can lose their p orbital electrons and keep their two s orbital electrons metals like tin and lead in group 4A can form either +4 or +2 charges. ![]() The metals in group 1A like Lithium and Sodium have a charge of +1, the metals in group 2A such as magnesium and calcium have a +2 charge. The main group metals usually form charges that are the same as their group number. Since the metals lie to the left of the periodic table they often have low ionization energies and low electron affinities, meaning they give away electrons relatively easy causing metals to become cations.
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